What are the provisions established by the 14th Amendment?

The 14th Amendment, ratified in 1868, was a significant milestone in American constitutional law, primarily aimed at defining citizenship and protecting individual rights. The correct provisions established by the 14th Amendment include granting citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States, including former slaves, thereby ensuring that they were recognized as full citizens with equal protection under the law. Additionally, this amendment includes clauses that address issues such as the denial of life, liberty, or property without due process and the guarantee of equal protection of the laws to all persons. Thus, it effectively counters any attempts by former Confederate states to disenfranchise or deny rights to newly freed African Americans.

The other options do not encompass the primary focus of the 14th Amendment. While the abolition of slavery is addressed in the 13th Amendment, the provisions regarding voting rights are more directly associated with the 15th Amendment. Similarly, the income tax law is not part of the 14th Amendment but rather stems from later legislation and constitutional changes. Therefore, the correct answer highlights the critical elements of citizenship and the legislative measures taken to protect the rights of individuals in the post-Civil War era.